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GalleryAuthorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.comBlogger136125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-88932539363800292952010-07-19T06:19:00.000-07:002010-07-19T06:30:15.826-07:00Puerperial Pyrexia and its causes<b>Puerperal Pyrexia : Short Summary and Causes</b><br />Peurperium<br />Puerperium is a period following child birth during which body tissues especially the pelvic organs revert back approximately to pre-pregnant state both anatomically and physiologically. Normally, it lasts for 6 weeks after delivery.<div><br /></div><div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEcpIfuqEr-mHn1lrupsIT4wDRCd8fOELWabjLuaZLgMbH3QqKEKfIwQFn8OCwKjB1ogXTBLIYTLGgf9cqgfjaijYqtUYBPiuZyobt5r7RmcpnwNt90647qIau2eVOAbgVp-LUseSKEG8/s1600/Uterus.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEcpIfuqEr-mHn1lrupsIT4wDRCd8fOELWabjLuaZLgMbH3QqKEKfIwQFn8OCwKjB1ogXTBLIYTLGgf9cqgfjaijYqtUYBPiuZyobt5r7RmcpnwNt90647qIau2eVOAbgVp-LUseSKEG8/s400/Uterus.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5495608592659212146" /></a><br /><br />What is puerperal pyrexia?<br />also called childbed fever, is a rise of temperature reaching 100.4 degree Fahrenheit or 38 degree celcius measured orally on 2 separate occasions at 24 hours apart ( excluding first 24 hours) within first 10 days following delivery is called puerperal pyrexia.<br /><br />Causes of fever during Peurperium<br />Puerperal Sepsis : Most common cause. It is an infection of genital tract which occurs as a complication of delivery. Peuperal pyrexia is considered to be due to genital tract infection unless proved otherwise.<br />Urinary tract infection<br />Cystitis<br />pyelonephritis<br />Mastitis : breast infection<br />Infection of cesarean section wound<br />Pulmonary infection<br />Septic pelvic thrombophlebitis<br />Recrudescence of malaria or pulmonary tuberculosis<br />Unknown causes<br /><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/puerperal-pyrexia-and-its-causes/">http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/puerperal-pyrexia-and-its-causes/</a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica; ">More from Medchrome<br /><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; 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text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; ">Complications Of Ovarian Cyst</a></li><li style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/bishop-score-and-modified-bishop-score/" title="Bishop Score And Modified Bishop Score" rel="nofollow" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; 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margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 94, 144); text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; ">Complication of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Mother and Fetus</a></li><br /><br /><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">Read more: <a href="http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/puerperal-pyrexia-and-its-causes/#ixzz0u8Pbluad" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; ">Puerperal pyrexia and its causes | Medchrome</a> <a href="http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/puerperal-pyrexia-and-its-causes/#ixzz0u8Pbluad" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; ">http://medchrome.com/major/gynaeobstr/puerperal-pyrexia-and-its-causes/#ixzz0u8Pbluad</a> <br />Under Creative Commons License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; ">Attribution</a></span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-79128171493549334612010-04-22T05:35:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:35:55.413-07:00Bed sore Stages<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6FcPHqYp7hLMVCeN5eqk2B4jVom6FZzJJPXIx67btyF1WQhIHb8bCT78bPV54syAD8KeGLjXmsoU8xEH0XpQBOvZiSjXUl_2cJOAPjLSuQRXQORIgulaeLZJRzAhANIQvWokR9sxbp8/s1600/bed_sore.jpg"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5462941779022373010" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 400px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 300px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn6FcPHqYp7hLMVCeN5eqk2B4jVom6FZzJJPXIx67btyF1WQhIHb8bCT78bPV54syAD8KeGLjXmsoU8xEH0XpQBOvZiSjXUl_2cJOAPjLSuQRXQORIgulaeLZJRzAhANIQvWokR9sxbp8/s400/bed_sore.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /><div>Classification<br />The definitions of the four pressure ulcer stages are revised periodically by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) in the United States. Briefly, however, they are as follows:<br /></div><br /><div><br />Stage I is the most superficial, indicated by non blanchable redness that does not subside after pressure is relieved. This stage is visually similar to reactive hyperemia seen in skin after prolonged application of pressure. Stage I pressure ulcers can be distinguished from reactive hyperemia in two ways: a) reactive hyperemia resolves itself within 3/4 of the time pressure was applied, and b) reactive hyperemia blanches when pressure is applied, whereas a Stage I pressure ulcer does not. The skin may be hotter or cooler than normal, have an odd texture, or perhaps be painful to the patient. Although easy to identify on a light-skinned patient, ulcers on darker-skinned individuals may show up as shades of purple or blue in comparison to lighter skin tones.<br /></div><br /><div>Stage II is damage to the epidermis extending into, but no deeper than, the dermis. In this stage, the ulcer may be referred to as a blister or abrasion.<br /></div><br /><div>Stage III involves the full thickness of the skin and may extend into the subcutaneous tissue layer. This layer has a relatively poor blood supply and can be difficult to heal. At this stage, there may be undermining damage that makes the wound much larger than it may seem on the surface.<br /></div><br /><div>Stage IV pressure ulcerStage IV is the deepest, extending into the muscle, tendon or even bone.<br /></div><br /><div>Unstageable pressure ulcers are covered with dead cells, or eschar and wound exudate, so the depth cannot be determined. </div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-39929769473326763042010-04-19T06:52:00.000-07:002010-04-19T06:54:05.549-07:00Antibiotic Resistance and Factors leading to It<div style="width:425px" id="__ss_3755447"><strong style="display:block;margin:12px 0 4px"><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/sulavmetal/antibiotic-resistance" title="Antibiotic resistance">Antibiotic resistance</a></strong><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=antibioticresistance-100417005953-phpapp01&stripped_title=antibiotic-resistance" /><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"/><param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"/><embed src="http://static.slidesharecdn.com/swf/ssplayer2.swf?doc=antibioticresistance-100417005953-phpapp01&stripped_title=antibiotic-resistance" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><div style="padding:5px 0 12px">View more <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/">presentations</a> from <a href="http://www.slideshare.net/sulavmetal">Sulav Shrestha</a>.</div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-24499135944656710772010-01-02T09:11:00.000-08:002010-01-02T09:11:31.426-08:00Deadliest disease7 Deadliest Diseases in History<br />
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1. Smallpox<br />
By some accounts, smallpox is considered to have killed more people than any other infectious disease. However, thanks to the discovery of the smallpox vaccine, the last known naturally contracted case of the disease was in 1977, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). During its deadliest years, this highly contagious disease killed as many of 30 percent of people who contracted it. Those who survived were often blinded or marked with deep scars. Despite its eradication, smallpox may still pose a threat today, if released as a biological weapon.<br />
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2. Spanish Flu<br />
In 1918, the so-called Spanish flu struck quickly and catastrophically. The first reports of the illness came from Spain, but it affected countries around the globe. Some experts put the death toll for that single year as high as 50 million people worldwide. Patients usually took on a bluish hue hours before dying, most likely due to insufficient oxygen. Autopsies revealed that their lungs filled with fluid, causing a drowning-like death. Unlike most types of influenza, which hit children and the elderly hardest, this strain proved deadly even for young adults. Scientists continue to study the Spanish flu to this day, trying to determine exactly what made it so deadly and if it could happen again.<br />
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3. The Black Plague<br />
Also known as the black death, this is the plague that kept coming back. At its most deadly, the black plague is thought to have killed 25 million people in Europe—about a third of the population—from 1347 to 1350. The high death toll from the black plague, so named for the black boils it left on the body, is believed to have actually been a result of three similar illnesses: bubonic, septicaemic, and pneumonic plagues. The scourge swept through Europe, killing millions more, on other occasions throughout the next several centuries. However, in no instance did its severity match that of the black death of the mid-14th century.<br />
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4. Tuberculosis<br />
The 1905 Nobel Prize in Medicine went to Robert Koch for "his investigations and discoveries" relating to tuberculosis (TB), according to the Nobel Foundation. However, more than 100 years later, TB still kills nearly 2 million people a year and is ranked as the eighth leading cause of death worldwide by the WHO. Symptoms including severe coughing, fever, chills, and fatigue. People with weakened immune systems are especially susceptible to TB; in fact, it's the number-one killer of AIDS patients. In 2007, Andrew Speaker, an Atlanta lawyer and TB patient, made headlines for flying from Europe to Canada, despite being instructed not to do so for fear of infecting fellow passengers.<br />
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5. Malaria<br />
Caused by a parasite and transmitted when a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, Malaria remains a serious problem in parts of Africa, although it has been nearly eradicated in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1 million people die from it annually, and as many as 500 million people are infected each year. The flu-like symptoms appear after 10 to 15 days after being bitten. Malaria can be treated with medication, if caught soon enough.<br />
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6. Ebola<br />
This virus is a relatively new deadly disease that has been known to kill up to 90 percent of its victims. It first appeared in 1976, in Sudan and Zaire. It can be transmitted from person to person or by handling materials from an infected animal. Its early symptoms include fever, headache, backache, vomiting, and diarrhea; eventually it can cause inflammation and swelling of nearly all major organs. Most people die from shock, when their bodies stop getting enough blood flow.<br />
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7. Cholera<br />
Cases of cholera are rare today, due to advancements in water treatment and sewage systems. However, in the 19th and even early 20th centuries, cholera epidemics struck several times. The disease, which is characterized by watery diarrhea, can kill a healthy person as soon as two to three hours after the onset of symptoms, though it usually takes several days. Although cholera is still present today in parts of the world that have been ravaged by war or famine, it generally doesn't pose a problem when clean water and proper sanitation is available. A vaccine, which lasts for up to six months, is available for people traveling to areas where cholera may be a concern, though some experts question its necessity and effectiveness.<br />
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</span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-64305754426118496682009-12-04T23:19:00.000-08:002010-09-04T01:37:46.943-07:00Boys Before Flower: Korean serial full download torrent<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(85, 85, 68); font-family:tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><a href="http://minsarang.blogspot.com/2009/12/boys-before-flower-korean-serial-full.html" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(102, 153, 34); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flower: Korean serial full download torrent</span></a></h3><div class="post-header-line-1"></div><div class="post-body entry-content" style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><h1><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); "><span style=" line-height: 17px; font-family:Arial, Tahoma, Verdana;"><p class="first-child " style="line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; "><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); "><span title="B" class="cap"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">B</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">oys Before Flowers : Korean Serial songs and Movie download</span></span></p><p class="first-child " style="line-height: 16px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 102, 0); "></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(85, 85, 68); font-family: tahoma, 'Trebuchet MS', lucida, helvetica, sans-serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Story</span></strong></span></p></span></span></h1><div id="attachment_265" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 610px; "><strong><strong><img class="size-full wp-image-265" title="Boys Before Flower" src="http://medchrome.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bb4f.jpg" alt="Boys Before Flower" height="419" width="600" style="border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; display: block; " /></strong></strong><p class="wp-caption-text" style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flower</span></p></div><p style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><strong></strong></span></p><p style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 15px; padding-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Jan Di is an average girl whose family owns a dry cleaning store located near the luxurious and well known Shin Hwa College. Jan Di meets the four richest and most spoiled boys known as the F4. After saving a boyfrom jumping off the roof of Shinhwa High School, she is admitted into the school on a swimming scholarship. Jan Di tries to avoid confrontation with the F4 at all cost because she knows what happens to those that stand against them. However, when Jan Di’s friend, Oh Min Ji, accidentally gets ice cream on the leader of the F4’s shoes, she’s forced to declare war on the leader of the F4, Goo Joon Pyo.</span></p><p style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Broadcasted – 2009-Jan-05 to 2009-Mar-31<br />Genre – Romance, Comedy<br />Country – South Korea<br />Audio – Korean<br />Subtitles – English<br />Episode Run Time – 1hr<br />Total Episodes – 25<br />Status – Completed [25/25]</span></p><p style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; "><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Torrent Download</span></strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=ff768c48ff86e869e3faddf11fc57aabc7ca2fea" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (1</span></a><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=2a5c390cffd936fcbd67aaa6325d1de3564fc5ef" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"> | </span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=ba11d7f923d825d14d1ab635828d0c6127d3db02" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">English Subtitles</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=93a805cbfedd72236c92bc230ab1b2c4a66b1c9e" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (2)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=735050ecc7543d149ad51a78599e404983b6b5fd" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (3-4)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=f5da6ec0e157a829ff8abee4a33890db7d28653a" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (5-6)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=0338c8efb33ec82a0940a1906518aec4a9fb5e07" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (7-8)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=6429b24578c1b30e12e98a2c8af36f37a0344ba0" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (9-10)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=7d1c5603bd79036664097576899dbf8c55271cdb" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (11-12)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=ca8156c3a907cae3904415e5d7aacc2fdcaf0b14" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (13-14)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=0a9f4f49de68c80dc905674a69c230d87a489d43" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (15-16)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=2497f3233dda3b21b61ca2cd2e227423a1465f69" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (17)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=aa34d6293a65dbacc8d0d0551f2c35b73c7d9c4e" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (18-19)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=9dde3bcb95c3380a4af65d7ed4810e84b3d55f0f" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (20-21)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=9622d1fbf7a55c75d5228171f7ff7283bc86c942" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Boys Before Flowers (22-23)</span></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://bt.avistaz.com/details.php?id=e8473a1a13e9f2e523bc8e53372199ff2acd6c88" target="_blank" style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(34, 85, 170); background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; ">Boys Before Flowers (24-25)</a></span></p><p style="line-height: 18px; margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 1em; ">Fans feedback needed</p></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-91956598129667670182009-11-30T07:14:00.001-08:002010-09-04T01:43:12.172-07:00CT Scan : A diagnostic Breakthrough in Medicine<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrXKI4MnUvvdVT-fb1GTyeF4JYATgHrPXBL83pAL7tXwKjkQFMfo55zd4eo2nSGPDJK_1enXq_Aey7_cUj9J4v5h5Yo_Bc_KkvkB8THMgot67PS-CRyZq8O15Rmto7DJeryOymwNR23I/s1600/c.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 215px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFrXKI4MnUvvdVT-fb1GTyeF4JYATgHrPXBL83pAL7tXwKjkQFMfo55zd4eo2nSGPDJK_1enXq_Aey7_cUj9J4v5h5Yo_Bc_KkvkB8THMgot67PS-CRyZq8O15Rmto7DJeryOymwNR23I/s400/c.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409915447361819490" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">Computed tomography (CT), originally known as computed axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) and body section roentgenography, is a medical imaging method employing tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a three-dimensional image of the internals of an object from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. The word "tomography" is derived from the Greek tomos (slice) and graphein (to write). CT produces a volume of data which can be manipulated, through a process known as windowing, in order to demonstrate various structures based on their ability to block the X-ray beam. Although historically (see below) the images generated were in the axial or transverse plane (orthogonal to the long axis of the body), modern scanners allow this volume of data to be reformatted in various planes or even as volumetric (3D) representations of structures.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">History</span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The first commercially viable CT scanner was invented by Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield in Hayes, England at Thorn EMI Central Research Laboratories using X-rays. Hounsfield conceived his idea in 1967, and it was publicly announced in 1972. It is claimed that the CT scanner was "the greatest legacy" of the Beatles; the massive profits from their record sales enabled EMI to fund scientific research.[1] Allan McLeod Cormack of Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA independently invented a similar process and they shared a Nobel Prize in medicine in 1979.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The prototype CT scanner</span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The original 1971 prototype took 160 parallel readings through 180 angles, each 1° apart, with each scan taking a little over five minutes. The images from these scans took 2.5 hours to be processed by algebraic reconstruction techniques on a large computer.</span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The first production X-ray CT machine (called the EMI-Scanner) was limited to making tomographic sections of the brain, but acquired the image data in about 4 minutes (scanning two adjacent slices) and the computation time (using a Data General Nova minicomputer) was about 7 minutes per picture. This scanner required the use of a water-filled Perspex tank with a pre-shaped rubber "head-cap" at the front, which enclosed the patient's head. The water-tank was used to reduce the dynamic range of the radiation reaching the detectors (between scanning outside the head compared with scanning through the bone of the skull). The images were relatively low resolution, being composed of a matrix of only 80 x 80 pixels. The first EMI-Scanner was installed in Atkinson Morley's Hospital in Wimbledon, England, and the first patient brain-scan was made with it in 1972.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">a historic EMI-Scanner</span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">In the U.S., the first installation was at the Mayo Clinic. As a tribute to the impact of this system on medical imaging the Mayo Clinic has an EMI scanner on display in the Radiology Department.</span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;">The first CT system that could make images of any part of the body, and did not require the "water tank" was the ACTA scanner designed by Robert S. Ledley, DDS at Georgetown University.</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-40959744453834053052009-11-30T07:10:00.000-08:002009-11-30T07:13:35.767-08:00Life Saving Techniques<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8OKhrzszYEh0qrtQbjZtQuTXKUireGc1nwx56Wac9gXs70AsQcjxPWeb7XfUyj8j8Ew8HDp3RDKBTSMxfiIRbj40nppaPFcoaQwgsHkXGtGhw9lSn1NRk4Mn_SSuYbetJtJ2WuLJXlpE/s1600/2.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 131px; height: 105px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8OKhrzszYEh0qrtQbjZtQuTXKUireGc1nwx56Wac9gXs70AsQcjxPWeb7XfUyj8j8Ew8HDp3RDKBTSMxfiIRbj40nppaPFcoaQwgsHkXGtGhw9lSn1NRk4Mn_SSuYbetJtJ2WuLJXlpE/s400/2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409914712204947666" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQV4RoTC3Rbjr1-u3BDs2E3kqnw0Ftq65oQ97xBeVYoMUuavlUuHM4aQE5ZSED83gbvwQKNzp_HKkd5URVKK7eA1OqJKuknChN6nCYZX9_ayBAXuOatuqAx6e2akWk2S_BxWkVK-H7S48/s1600/1.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 119px; height: 100px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQV4RoTC3Rbjr1-u3BDs2E3kqnw0Ftq65oQ97xBeVYoMUuavlUuHM4aQE5ZSED83gbvwQKNzp_HKkd5URVKK7eA1OqJKuknChN6nCYZX9_ayBAXuOatuqAx6e2akWk2S_BxWkVK-H7S48/s400/1.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5409914706688707314" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br />1. Place the child on a hard, flat surface.<br />2 .Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers. If unsuccessful and the object is blocking the airway, apply the Heimlich maneuver (see p. 1205). If vomiting occurs, turn the child onto his or her side and sweep out the mouth with two fingers.<br />3. Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway.<br /><br />4. Place your mouth tightly over the nose and mouth. Blow two quick, shallow breaths (smaller breaths than you would give to an adult). Watch for the chest to rise.<br />5. Remove your mouth. Look for the chest to fall as the child exhales.<br />6. Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the child’s breath on your cheek. If breathing does not start on its own, repeat the procedure.<br /><br /><br />Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation on a Child Age 8 or Older or on an Adult<br />1. Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface. Look into the mouth and throat to ensure that the airway is clear. If an object is present, try to sweep it out with your fingers (wear disposable surgical gloves if they are available). Apply the Heimlich maneuver (see p. 1205) if unsuccessful and the object is blocking the airway. If vomiting occurs, turn the person on his or her side and sweep out the mouth with two fingers. Do not place your finger in the mouth if the person is rigid or is having a seizure.<br />2. Tilt the head back slightly to open the airway. Put upward pressure on the jaw to pull it forward.<br />3. Pinch the nostrils closed with thumb and index finger. Place your mouth tightly over the person’s mouth. Use a mouthpiece if one is available. Blow two quick breaths and watch for the person’s chest to rise.<br />4. Release the nostrils. Look for the person’s chest to fall as he or she exhales. Listen for the sounds of breathing. Feel for the person’s breath on your cheek. If the person does not start breathing on his or her own, repeat the procedure.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-64112547586418941492009-11-25T04:30:00.000-08:002010-09-04T01:43:51.238-07:00Skin Care for A Better You<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 12px; color: rgb(85, 85, 85); font-family:arial;font-size:12px;"><h2 size="1.5em" style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium; ">SKIN CARE:</span></h2><h2 size="1.5em" style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: -1px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium; "></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; font-size: medium; "><img class="size-full wp-image-9" title="Skin Care" src="http://medchrome.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/skin.jpg" alt="For Healthy Skin" width="506" height="337" style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 48px; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold; ">F</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">or Healthy Skin</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style=" outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-size:1em;color:initial;"><span style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Skin has three layers-epidermis ,dermis and hypodermis. Epidermis the top most layer. It has melanocytes which gives brown tint to the skin. Below it is dermis .It has fibrous tissue , collagen and elastin. Hypodermis the deepest layer containing connective tissue and fat cells keeps the skin warm and protects it.</span></span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">TYPE OF SKIN:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style=" outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-size:1em;color:initial;"><span style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">NORMAL: Fine textured , soft and smooth.</span></span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style=" outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-size:1em;color:initial;"><span style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">DRY: Tight , flaky and predisposing to facial lines.</span></span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style=" outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border- text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; font-size:1em;color:initial;"><span style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">OILY: Greasy skin due sebum production.Looks shiny with enlarged pores leading to blemishes and blackhead.</span></span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">SENSITIVE :Fine ,translucent,suffer from redness and irritation.</span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><strong style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">COMBINATION:T –Zone is oily and the rest of the skin is dry (cheeks ,eyes ,cheeks )</span></span></strong></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium; ">DAILY REGIME FOR A HEALTHY SKIN:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; font-size: medium; "><img class="size-full wp-image-10" title="skin-care-2" src="http://medchrome.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/skin-care-2.jpg" alt="HealthySkin" width="283" height="320" style="outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 2px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 2px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: middle; white-space: normal; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); " /></span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">HealthySkin</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">CLEANSING: Helps to remove dirt ,sweat and make up .Must do atleast twice a day or more for oily skin. Use a cream cleanser for a dry skin. Apply cleansing for 1min in outward and upward in circulation motion.Soaps also can be used by everyone.Must see that they are not harsh.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Toning: Cleansing must be followed by toning . It helps to remove any leftover grease or make up .Closes the pores and refines the skin. Alcohol must be used for dry skin.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">MOISTURING :Only time our body retains moisture is just after bath.pat the skin and apply moisturizer to the skin according to the skin type .It must even in oily skin.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">SUN PROTECTION: Sun protecting factor(SPF) must be used according to the skin tyope and the intensity of the sun, Time you can stay out in the sun- multiply the SPF with 10 (e.g. 20 SPF means 200 mins i.e. 3 hrs and 20 mins ) recommended is 15-30 .</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Tips for sun protection:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Avoid sun for long between 11:00am to 4:00pm in summer.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Drink plenty of water.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Cool yourself with warm shower (extreme temperature is bad for skin ) ,use uv blocking sun glasses ,use a umbrella or a hat.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium; ">WEEKLY REGIMEN:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">EXFOLIATION: Removing dead skin as it the skin looks dull .must be frequent in older age. Fine grains are good.apricot,strawberries with milk,oat meal,rice bran with glycerine.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">FACEMASK: They are stimulating for skin.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Fuller earth with egg white for oily skin.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 67px; font-size: medium; ">Egg yolk with honey is for dry skin.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: medium; ">Article By- Dr. Akriti Sharma</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="letter-spacing: normal; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><b><a href="http://medchrome.com/"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Source : www.medchrome.com</span></span></a></b></span></h2></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-59384050945444946042009-10-30T09:37:00.000-07:002009-10-30T09:38:14.749-07:00Like Never before seen.. without limbs<embed wmode="opaque" src="http://static.ning.com/socialnetworkmain/widgets/video/flvplayer/flvplayer.swf?v=4.14.2.3%3A75e4771" flashvars="config=http%3A%2F%2Fgauntletvideos.ning.com%2Fvideo%2Fvideo%2FshowPlayerConfig%3Fid%3D4078272%253AVideo%253A113%26ck%3D-&video_smoothing=on&autoplay=off&isEmbedCode=1" bgcolor="#000000" scale="noscale" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" height="344" width="456"></embed><br /><small><a href="http://gauntletvideos.ning.com/video/video"></a></small><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-87835518498414999182009-10-24T08:57:00.000-07:002009-10-24T09:11:14.408-07:00Swine Flu vs Bird flu<div>Swine Flu or Bird Flu</div><div>Which do you fear?</div><div>Or Zombie Flu ?</div><div>click to Enlarge<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT4ZuSQNweKmqrYKaPylKWYAtRGu5uQcqTmuoFbJLiEwExv6sCEG2Sq-KTX5rNOWboojQorcWjKX1i6AF2SJvVlUn6g3IvLA7FJ2wvE9u9sTmZ0AWrKqudJKJN9RCCx1MxXHObmOqb40A/s1600-h/swine+vs+bird+flu.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 250px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiT4ZuSQNweKmqrYKaPylKWYAtRGu5uQcqTmuoFbJLiEwExv6sCEG2Sq-KTX5rNOWboojQorcWjKX1i6AF2SJvVlUn6g3IvLA7FJ2wvE9u9sTmZ0AWrKqudJKJN9RCCx1MxXHObmOqb40A/s400/swine+vs+bird+flu.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5396199030066941314" /></a><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-721800573970294692009-10-19T08:13:00.000-07:002009-10-19T08:19:31.516-07:00Stye : External Hordeolum<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEill3gE9QqATWudfBx17e_Qoavgf452E_53Q2AqpXUdfkxNBp_whlG8Mlp76dXoHD-qo4cwkpgghayAEIaVLaAlXgvjLPf7f1m3Rk5vM43v7MhHVck-2AliUxtePPI0ou6V1I6qGmVWRKM/s1600-h/stye.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 294px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEill3gE9QqATWudfBx17e_Qoavgf452E_53Q2AqpXUdfkxNBp_whlG8Mlp76dXoHD-qo4cwkpgghayAEIaVLaAlXgvjLPf7f1m3Rk5vM43v7MhHVck-2AliUxtePPI0ou6V1I6qGmVWRKM/s400/stye.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394330818974035074" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3oud3o0RhX7Zq6OsRVQ7lM3tYyeLQHIAeFRyoVgiOERUwTkSxaQX3aHlps9n3kcxPEccNglZsY69OaKwHTmiTdtu9E2ncHPN1Z6xvY19iKPzXxs4WSu5MYI2D0guY-1WVWgiCSHT9iM/s1600-h/sty.sized.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhD3oud3o0RhX7Zq6OsRVQ7lM3tYyeLQHIAeFRyoVgiOERUwTkSxaQX3aHlps9n3kcxPEccNglZsY69OaKwHTmiTdtu9E2ncHPN1Z6xvY19iKPzXxs4WSu5MYI2D0guY-1WVWgiCSHT9iM/s400/sty.sized.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394330814265879778" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);font-size:130%;" >An External hordeolum<br />Sty<br /><br /><br /></span><br />is an acute small staphylococcal abscess of a lash follicle and its associated gland of Zeis or moll.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Signs: </span><br />Tender Inflamed swelling in the lid Margin, which points anteriorly thought the skin.<br />More than one lesion may be present and occasionally minute abscess may involve the entire lid margin.<br />In severe case a mild preseptal cellulitis may be present.<br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Treatment:</span><br />No treatment is required in most cases because styes frequently resove spontaneously or discharge anteriorly<br />Hot compresses<br />Epilation<br />Systemic Antibiotics may be necessary.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-20108627355848589482009-10-18T04:33:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:45:39.931-07:00Schizophrenia: A short summary<span style="font-weight: bold; font-size:100%;">Historical Background:</span> <span>in 1896, Emil Kraepelin differentiated psychiatric illness into 2 major groups.</span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOlVmytAkZurzds_DCnEyiDpShmWvkJr6RE6lShzq0jripL9_m6u5RtjAIBarIdRbbfgMlJZlJEADX_JvH8FSKxWqkyvWDUo4k9F5ctSZAlUrLTNp7pxmbWfQmqafhXSU9NUNsEqsXPA/s1600-h/hide_and_seek_xl_01--film-B.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 306px; height: 230px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDOlVmytAkZurzds_DCnEyiDpShmWvkJr6RE6lShzq0jripL9_m6u5RtjAIBarIdRbbfgMlJZlJEADX_JvH8FSKxWqkyvWDUo4k9F5ctSZAlUrLTNp7pxmbWfQmqafhXSU9NUNsEqsXPA/s400/hide_and_seek_xl_01--film-B.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5394328973047919986" border="0" /></a> <ul><li>Dementia Precox</li><li>Mani depressive illness( psychosis)</li></ul><span>Eugen Bleuer's Fundamental Symptoms of Schizophremi:</span> <span>Ambivalence</span> <span>Autism</span> <span>Affective Flattening</span> <span>Association disorder</span><br /><br /><span>First Rank symptoms</span> <span><br />I. Hallucinations</span><br /><span>1. Audible thoughts/thought echo</span> <span>2. Voices heard arguing</span> <span>3. Voices giving running commentary</span> <span>II. Thought Alienation Phenomenon</span> <span>a) Thought withdrawal</span> <span>b) Thought insertion</span> <span>c) Thought broadcasting</span><br /><span>III. Passivity Phenomenon</span> <span>A. Made feelings</span> <span>B. Made volition</span> <span>C. Made impulses</span> <span>IV. Delusional Perception</span><br /><br /><span style="font-size:130%;">Epidemiology;</span> <span>Point prevalence of Schizophrenia is 0.5 to 1 %. The Incidence is about 0.5 in 1000 persons</span> <span><br /><br />Clinical features </span> <span>Thought and speech Disorders</span> <span>Autistic thinking, loosening of association, thought blocking, neologism, paraphasias, mutism, perseveration, verbigeration</span> <span>Delusions: primary and secondary</span> <span>Disorders Of Perception</span> <span>Hallucinations</span> <span>Disorders of Affect</span> <span>Disorders of Motor Behaviour</span> <span>Negative Symptoms</span> <span>Suicidal Tendency</span><br /><br /><span>Clinical types:</span> <span>Simple Schizophrenia</span> <span>Hebephrenic Schizophrenia</span> <span>Catatonic Schizophrenia</span> <span>Residual Schicophrenia</span> <span>Undifferentiated Schizophrenia</span> <span>Post-schizophrenic depression</span> <span>Others</span> <span><span><br /><br />Bad Prognostic Factors</span> </span> <span>Male</span> <span>Negative Symptoms</span> <span>Early Onset</span> <span>Insidious progression</span> <span>Chronic Course</span> <span><br /><br />Diagnostic Criteria:</span> <span>According to DSM IV TR</span> <span>2 or more of the following is required with 6 months of duration of disease with at least 1 month of Active symptoms</span> <span>1. Delusion</span> <span>Hallucinations</span> <span>Bizzare Behaviour</span> <span>Bizzare thoughts</span> <span><br /><br />MANAGEMENT:</span> <span>1. Pharmacological Treatment:</span> <span>Generally the treatment is continued for 6 months to 1 year for the first episode, for 1-2 year for subsequent episodes.</span> <span>Fluphenazine 25-30 mg IM every 2-3 weeks</span> <span>Penfluridol</span> <span>Flupenthixol</span> <span>Haloperidol</span> <span>ECT ( Electroconvulsive Therapy)</span> <span>Miscellaneous Treatments</span> <span>Limbic Leucotomy</span> <span>Psychosocial Treatment.</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-84038517980916594302009-10-17T19:17:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:45:52.006-07:00Organic Metal Disorders and Delirium<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ddJIGD5_VioibWNZ_Fe5LAo0BFNg7hBOVZdliGecbtpsLa2JnkBHcjnnVS7jNMSlYIX7n1WkjuRhuE18t7-S-vFIp0OVQ3H0kJPvpWRzbyWZHzPKxOuRC_vNKbaC7vXBMW4xfAd1BWI/s1600-h/delirium+copy.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ddJIGD5_VioibWNZ_Fe5LAo0BFNg7hBOVZdliGecbtpsLa2JnkBHcjnnVS7jNMSlYIX7n1WkjuRhuE18t7-S-vFIp0OVQ3H0kJPvpWRzbyWZHzPKxOuRC_vNKbaC7vXBMW4xfAd1BWI/s400/delirium+copy.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5393764644936328498" border="0" /></a><br /><span>Organic Mental Disorders are behavioral or psychological disorders associated with permanent or transient brain dysfunction and include only those mental and behavioral disorders that are due to demonstrable cerebral disease or disorders, either primary or secondary.</span> <span style="font-weight: bold; ">Sub Categories of Organic Mental Disorders: OMD are</span> <ul><li>Delirium</li><li>Dementia</li><li>Organic Amnestic Syndrome</li><li>Other organic mental disorders</li></ul><span style="font-size:180%;">Delirium: </span><br />commonest type<br />synonyms: Acute Confusional state, acute brain syndrome, acute organic reaction, toxic psychosis, metabolic encephalopathy.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Clinical Features:</span><br />1. A relative Acute Onset<br />2. Clouding of Consciousness<br />3.Disorientation to time place and person.<br />other: Disturbed sleep-wake sleep cycle<br />sun downing( aggravated in the evening and night)<br />Motor disturbances- asterixis,Carphologia. etc<br />Psychomotor disturbances<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Diagnosis:</span><br />According to ICD10<br />Symptoms should be present in each one area:<br />1. Impairment of attention and consciousness<br />2.Global disturbance of cognition<br />3. Psychomotor disturances<br />4.Disturbed slepp wake sleep cycle<br />5. Emotional disturbances.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Important causes of Delirium are:</span><br /><ol><li> Metabolic causes: hypoxia, narcosis,hypoglycemia, CCF, Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, fever , anemia, shock.</li><li>Endocrine : Hypo/hyper thyroid,adrenal,pituitary and parathyroid.</li><li>Drug: Digitalis, quinidine, alcohol, anti hypertensives, sedatives,barbiturates,TCA, Antipsychotics.</li><li>Nutritional deficiency: Thiamin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, folic acid, B12</li><li>Systemic Infections.</li><li>Intracranial causes: Epilepsy, tumors, migraine, head injury, infections</li><li>post operative</li></ol><span style="font-weight: bold; ">Management of Delirium:</span><br />Ix: CBC, BGA, Sugar level, po2 and co2, TFT, serum b1 and foalte, toxic screen, csf, etc<br />Identificaton of the cause and its immediate correction.<br />Symptomatic measures<br />Supportive medical and nursing ccare.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-77846515732689608932009-10-09T19:00:00.000-07:002009-10-09T19:10:05.063-07:00Conjunctivitis<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVJU2j_sJYgePA0AdpqVO0XephciKFZjqSP6S3QcILMcOG4NCxNXUJb1LieEtyj4FJ1hlNJjYFRAkoAa_NRkpfmhoKnSmhllttSciJm8m7wVyiLrEpRcB1xbk-vCgysQKNMhl9ntnzhQ/s1600-h/ConjunctivitisRedEye.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 258px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVJU2j_sJYgePA0AdpqVO0XephciKFZjqSP6S3QcILMcOG4NCxNXUJb1LieEtyj4FJ1hlNJjYFRAkoAa_NRkpfmhoKnSmhllttSciJm8m7wVyiLrEpRcB1xbk-vCgysQKNMhl9ntnzhQ/s400/ConjunctivitisRedEye.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390787419669146354" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">Conjunctivitis</span> is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva, the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Conjunctivitis, often called “pink eye,” is a common eye disease, especially in children. It may affect one or both eyes. Some forms of conjunctivitis can be highly contagious and easily spread in schools and at home. While conjunctivitis is usually a minor eye infection, sometimes it can develop into a more serious problem.<br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXXCaymm9Dmop9qNoFjBtklkDcYDsEllMeqkhre3pClkMtItKtb3rqqckReoHZRCyvoWV_fZfjfEr9rHZWDMAibmh_mGMdrEskw2F9H29ZRtzuyhemAmZ0m4sAHT38ze_1ZproPz4Rww/s1600-h/P14T5_Viral_Conjunctivitis.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 266px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHXXCaymm9Dmop9qNoFjBtklkDcYDsEllMeqkhre3pClkMtItKtb3rqqckReoHZRCyvoWV_fZfjfEr9rHZWDMAibmh_mGMdrEskw2F9H29ZRtzuyhemAmZ0m4sAHT38ze_1ZproPz4Rww/s400/P14T5_Viral_Conjunctivitis.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390787408888599570" border="0" /></a><br /><span>Conjunctivitis may be caused by a viral or bacterial infection. It can also occur due to an allergic reaction to irritants in the air like pollen and smoke, chlorine in swi</span><span>mming pools, and ingredients in cosmetics or other products that come in contact with the eyes. Sexually transmitted diseases like Chlamydia and gonorrhea are less common causes of conjunctivitis.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">symptoms:</span><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiWI35NBfdEqex8J-rI5m1qCJgo-_GEalXJsptF0KQRmKeT-V_r49LLqCGrkz3EK0SjtIQiFcGaStJZh_Wu1a2FnuOrKLkwccXUHePOOsc0MPsShcHK2MCD91BX_a5iMBkeG45x7FYH10/s1600-h/BacterialConjunctivitis.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 266px; height: 191px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiWI35NBfdEqex8J-rI5m1qCJgo-_GEalXJsptF0KQRmKeT-V_r49LLqCGrkz3EK0SjtIQiFcGaStJZh_Wu1a2FnuOrKLkwccXUHePOOsc0MPsShcHK2MCD91BX_a5iMBkeG45x7FYH10/s400/BacterialConjunctivitis.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5390787426108506482" border="0" /></a><br /><span> * A gritty feeling in one or both eyes<br />* Itching or burning sensation in one or both eyes<br />* Excessive tearing<br />* Discharge coming from one or both eyes<br />* Swollen eyelids<br />* Pink discoloration to the whites of one or both eyes<br />* Increased sensitivity to light<br /><br />What causes conjunctivitis?<br />Allergic Conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies.<br /><br />Allergic Conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies.<br /><br />The cause of conjunctivitis varies depending on the offending agent. There are three main categories of conjunctivitis: allergic, infectious and chemical:<br />Allergic Conjunctivitis<br /><br />* Allergic Conjunctivitis occurs more commonly among people who already have seasonal allergies. At some point they come into contact with a substance that triggers an allergic reaction in their eyes.<br /><br />* Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis is a type of allergic conjunctivitis caused by the chronic presence of a foreign body in the eye. This condition occurs predominantly with people who wear hard or rigid contact lenses, wear soft contact lenses that are not replaced frequently, have an exposed suture on the surface or the eye, or have a glass eye.<br /><br />Infectious Conjunctivitis<br /><br />* Bacterial Conjunctivitis is an infection most often caused by staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria from your own skin or respiratory system. Infection can also occur by transmittal from insects, physical contact with other people, poor hygiene (touching the eye with unclean hands), or by use of contaminated eye makeup and facial lotions.<br /><br />* Viral Conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by contagious viruses associated with the common cold. The primary means of contracting this is through exposure to coughing or sneezing by persons with upper respiratory tract infections. It can also occur as the virus spreads along the body’s own mucous membranes connecting lungs, throat, nose, tear ducts, and conjunctiva.<br /><br />* Ophthalmia Neonatorum is a severe form of bacterial conjunctivitis that occurs in newborn babies. This is a serious condition that could lead to permanent eye damage unless it is treated immediately. Ophthalmia neonatorum occurs when an infant is exposed to Chlamydia or gonorrhea while passing through the birth canal.<br /><br />Chemical Conjunctivitis<br /><br />Chemical Conjunctivitis can be caused by irritants like air pollution, chlorine in swimming pools, and exposure to noxious chemicals.<br /><br />[back to top]<br />How is conjunctivitis diagnosed?<br />Comprehensive Eye Exam<br /><br />Conjunctivitis can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination.<br /><br />Conjunctivitis can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination. Testing, with special emphasis on evaluation of the conjunctiva and surrounding tissues, may include:<br /><br />* Patient history to determine the symptoms the patient is experiencing, when the symptoms began, and the presence of any general health or environmental conditions that may be contributing to the problem.<br /><br />* Visual acuity measurements to determine the extent to which vision may be affected.<br /><br />* Evaluation of the conjunctiva and external eye tissue using bright light and magnification.<br /><br />* Evaluation of the inner structures of the eye to ensure that no other tissues are affected by the condition.<br /><br />* Supplemental testing may include taking cultures or smears of conjunctival tissue, particularly in cases of chronic conjunctivitis or when the condition is not responding to treatment.<br /><br />Using the information obtained from these tests, your optometrist can determine if you have conjunctivitis and advise you on treatment options.<br /><br />[back to top]<br />How is conjunctivitis treated?<br /><br />Treatment of conjunctivitis is directed at three main goals:<br /><br />1. To increase patient comfort.<br />2. To reduce or lessen the course of the infection or inflammation.<br />3. To prevent the spread of the infection in contagious forms of conjunctivitis.<br /><br />The appropriate treatment for conjunctivitis depends on its cause:<br /><br />* Allergic conjunctivitis – The first step should be to remove or avoid the irritant, if possible. Cool compresses and artificial tears sometimes relieve discomfort in mild cases. In more severe cases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications and antihistamines may be prescribed. Cases of persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid eye drops.<br /><br />* Bacterial conjunctivitis – This type of conjunctivitis is usually treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments. Improvement can occur after three or four days of treatment, but the entire course of antibiotics needs to be used to prevent recurrence.<br /><br />* Viral Conjunctivitis – There are no available drops or ointments to eradicate the virus for this type of conjunctivitis. Antibiotics will not cure a viral infection. Like a common cold, the virus just has to run its course, which may take up to two or three weeks in some cases. The symptoms can often be relieved with cool compresses and artificial tear solutions. For the worst cases, topical steroid drops may be prescribed to reduce the discomfort from inflammation, but do not shorten the course of the infection. Some doctors may perform an ophthalmic iodine eye wash in the office in hopes of shortening the course of the infection. This newer treatment has not been well studied yet, therefore no conclusive evidence of the success exists.<br /><br />* Chemical Conjunctivitis – Treatment for chemical conjunctivitis requires careful flushing of the eyes with saline and may require topical steroids. The more acute chemical injuries are medical emergencies, particularly alkali burns, which can lead to severe scarring, intraocular damage or even loss of the eye.<br /><br />Contact Lens Wearers<br />Contact lens wearers may need to discontinue wearing their lenses while the conjunctivitis is active.<br /><br />Contact lens wearers may need to discontinue wearing their lenses while the conjunctivitis is active.<br /><br />Contact lens wearers may need to discontinue wearing their lenses while the condition is active. Your doctor can advise you on the need for temporary restrictions on contact lens wear.<br /><br />If the conjunctivitis developed due to wearing contact lenses, your eye doctor may recommend that you switch to a different type of contact lens or disinfection solution. Your optometrist might need to alter your contact lense prescription to a type of lens that you replace more frequently to prevent the conjunctivitis from recurring.<br />Self-care<br /><br />Practicing good hygiene is the best way to control the spread of conjunctivitis. Once an infection has been diagnosed, follow these steps:<br /><br />* Don't touch your eyes with your hands.<br />* Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently.<br />* Change your towel and washcloth daily, and don't share them with others.<br />* Discard eye cosmetics, particularly mascara.<br />* Don't use anyone else's eye cosmetics or personal eye-care items.<br />* Follow your eye doctor's instructions on proper contact lens care.<br /><br />You can soothe the discomfort of viral or bacterial conjunctivitis by applying warm compresses to your affected eye or eyes. To make a compress, soak a clean cloth in warm water and wring it out before applying it gently to your closed eyelids.<br /><br />For allergic conjunctivitis, avoid rubbing your eyes. Instead of warm compresses, use cool compresses to soothe your eyes. Over the counter eye drops are available. Antihistamine eye drops should help to alleviate the symptoms, and lubricating eye drops help to rinse the allergen off of the surface of the eye.<br /><br />See your doctor of optometry when you experience conjunctivitis to help diagnose the cause and the proper course of action.</span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-33496759195771146162009-10-02T05:56:00.001-07:002009-10-02T05:56:32.122-07:00Removal of Guinea worm Methos Video<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/mUz9gqLmyQ0&hl=en&fs=1&"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/mUz9gqLmyQ0&hl=en&fs=1&" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-28362639366285863882009-10-02T05:49:00.000-07:002009-10-02T05:56:03.765-07:00Guinea Worm : Dracunculiais CDC article<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8RjPHaRldBdtV2oJ0QqUrQzFwnlYtq6w7YTtaOTp2lY6ydqKbX3yzD878O6SKG1wNvYpto4tXAJjfOH5L79-w7CipH2k0AQ4UzIzI-SabNHmxEj9IB-leTfSClbNhNMWZWEXGT_EIlU/s1600-h/Wrap+worm+on+stick2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 308px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8RjPHaRldBdtV2oJ0QqUrQzFwnlYtq6w7YTtaOTp2lY6ydqKbX3yzD878O6SKG1wNvYpto4tXAJjfOH5L79-w7CipH2k0AQ4UzIzI-SabNHmxEj9IB-leTfSClbNhNMWZWEXGT_EIlU/s400/Wrap+worm+on+stick2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387985143357162482" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbpvC2voSy9Xaqd5zeWEqtz56FoXiI42kSTIOMwLjnDel8_GleX02J-EAHFtc0cdOtxmDCLhPGRdTNQs4uEjY_3mzlXgfBe28fnH2pzStE9MB6US49TiSW7TOK6BqifSlDM2HzUxtJ9Q/s1600-h/Wrap+worm+on+stick2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 308px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbbpvC2voSy9Xaqd5zeWEqtz56FoXiI42kSTIOMwLjnDel8_GleX02J-EAHFtc0cdOtxmDCLhPGRdTNQs4uEjY_3mzlXgfBe28fnH2pzStE9MB6US49TiSW7TOK6BqifSlDM2HzUxtJ9Q/s400/Wrap+worm+on+stick2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387985133814165618" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEs41OhOIn6ecalUGMm2kfADIzyKmR86m0i0PGuTZfWNnNRhL0UUv9czWbSaZxGPMsXXDwmc2R-ghgEn5o6Wt3K-F05zBwdz3J0rxPLiVgEnBwE05hYq_lkI5j_pbaMiPLdgdMtubyweQ/s1600-h/147269-guinea-worm-4-tamale-ghana.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEs41OhOIn6ecalUGMm2kfADIzyKmR86m0i0PGuTZfWNnNRhL0UUv9czWbSaZxGPMsXXDwmc2R-ghgEn5o6Wt3K-F05zBwdz3J0rxPLiVgEnBwE05hYq_lkI5j_pbaMiPLdgdMtubyweQ/s400/147269-guinea-worm-4-tamale-ghana.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5387985129960589842" /></a><br /><div>Source: CDC</div><div><br /></div><div>What is dracunculiasis?</div><div><br /></div><div>Dracunculiasis, more commonly known as Guinea worm disease (GWD), is a preventable infection caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis. Infection affects poor communities in remote parts of Africa that do not have safe water to drink.</div><div><br /></div><div>Currently, many organizations, including The Global 2000 program of The Carter Center of Emory University, UNICEF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) are helping the last 5 countries in the world (Sudan, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Nigeria) to eradicate the disease. Since 1986, when an estimated 3.5 million people were infected annually, the campaign has eliminated much of the disease.</div><div><br /></div><div>In 2007, only 9,585 cases of GWD were reported. Most of those cases were from Sudan (61%) and Ghana (35%). All affected countries are aiming to eliminate Guinea worm disease as soon as possible.</div><div><br /></div><div>How does Guinea worm disease spread?</div><div><br /></div><div>Approximately 1 year after a person drinks contaminated water, the adult female Guinea worm emerges from the skin of the infected person. Persons with worms protruding through the skin may enter sources of drinking water and unwittingly allow the worm to release larvae into the water. These larvae are ingested by microscopic copepods (tiny "water fleas") that live in these water sources. Persons become infected by drinking water containing the water fleas harboring the Guinea worm larvae.</div><div><br /></div><div>Once ingested, the stomach acid digests the water fleas, but not the Guinea worm larvae. These larvae find their way to the small intestine, where they penetrate the wall of the intestine and pass into the body cavity. During the next 10-14 months, the female Guinea worm larvae grow into full size adults, 60-100 centimeters (2-3 feet) long and as wide as a cooked spaghetti noodle. These adult femal worms then migrate and emerge from the skin anywhere on the body, but usually on the lower limbs.</div><div><br /></div><div>A blister develops on the skin at the site where the worm will emerge. This blister causes a very painful burning sensation and it ruptures within 24-72 hours. Immersion of the affected limb into water helps relieve the pain but it also triggers the Guinea worm to release a milky white liquid containing millions of immature larvae into the water, thus contaminating the water supply and starting the cycle over again. For several days after it has emerged from the ulcer, the female Guinea worm is capable of releasing more larvae whenever it comes in contact with water.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>What are the signs and symptoms of Guinea worm disease?</div><div><br /></div><div>Infected persons do not usually have symptoms until about one year after they become infected. A few days to hours before the worm emerges, the person may develop a fever, swelling, and pain in the area. More than 90% of the worms appear on the legs and feet, but may occur anywhere on the body.</div><div><br /></div><div>People, in remote, rural communities who are most commonly affected by Guinea worm disease (GWD) frequently do not have access to medical care. Emergence of the adult female worm can be very painful, slow, and disabling. Frequently, the skin lesions caused by the worm develop secondary bacterial infections, which exacerbate the pain, and extend the period of incapacitation to weeks or months. Sometimes permanent disability results if joints are infected and become locked.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>What is the treatment for Guinea worm disease?</div><div><br /></div><div>There is no drug to treat Guinea worm disease (GWD) and no vaccine to prevent infection. Once the worm emerges from the wound, it can only be pulled out a few centimeters each day and wrapped around a piece of gauze or small stick. Sometimes the worm can be pulled out completely within a few days, but this process usually takes weeks or months. Analgesics, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, can help reduce swelling; antibiotic ointment can help prevent bacterial infections. The worm can also be surgically removed by a trained doctor in a medical facility before an ulcer forms.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Where is Guinea worm disease found?</div><div><br /></div><div>Dracunculiasis now occurs only in 5 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Transmission of the disease is most common in very remote rural villages and in areas visited by nomadic groups. In 2007, the two most endemic countries, Sudan and Ghana, reported 9,173; 5,815 and 3,358 cases of Guinea worm disease (GWD), respectively. Other endemic countries reporting cases of GWD in 2007 were: Mali (313 cases), Nigeria (73 cases), and Niger (14 cases).</div><div><br /></div><div>Asia is now free of the disease. Transmission of GWD no longer occurs in several African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda. No locally acquired cases of disease have been reported in these countries in the last year or more. The treat of case importations from the remaining endemic countries requires that surveillance be maintained in formerly endemic areas until offical certification. The World Health Organization has certified 180 countries free of transmission of dracunculiasis, including six formerly endemic countries: Pakistan (in 1996), India (in 2000), Senegal and Yemen (in 2004), Central African Republic and Cameroon (in 2007).</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Who is at risk for infection?</div><div><br /></div><div>Anyone who drinks standing pond water contaminated by persons with GWD is at risk for infection. People who live in villages where the infection is common are at greatest risk.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Is Guinea worm disease a serious illness?</div><div><br /></div><div>Yes. The disease causes preventable suffering for infected persons and is a heavy economic and social burden for affected communities. Emgerence of the adult female worms can be very painful, slow, and disabling. Parents who have active Guinea worm disease may not be able to care for their children. They are also prevented from working in their fields and tending their animals. Because worm emergence usually occurs during planting and harvesting season, heavy crop losses may result leading to financial problems for the entire family. Children may be required to work the fields or tend animals in place of their disabled parents, preventing them from attending school. Therefore, GWD is both a disease of poverty and also a cause of poverty because of the disability it causes.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Is a person immune to Guinea worm disease once he or she has it?</div><div><br /></div><div>No. Infection does not produce immunity, and many people in affected villages suffer disease year after year.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>How can Guinea worm disease be prevented?</div><div><br /></div><div>Because GWD can only be transmitted via drinking contaminated water, educating people to follow these simple control measures can completely prevent illness and eliminate transmission of the disease:</div><div><br /></div><div>Drink only water from underground sources (such as from borehole or hand-dug wells) free from contamination.</div><div>Prevent persons with an open Guinea worm ulcer from entering ponds and wells used for drinking water.</div><div>Always filter drinking water, using a cloth filter, to remove the water fleas.</div><div>Additionally, unsafe sources of drinking water can be treated with an approved larvicide, such as ABATE®*, that kills copepods, and communities can be provided with new safe sources of drinking water, or have existing dysfunctional ones repaired.</div><div><br /></div><div>*Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.</div><div><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-40659511854324958432009-09-30T05:28:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:46:55.958-07:00Headache : Most common causes<span style=" color: rgb(255, 102, 102); font-weight: bold;font-family:trebuchet ms;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#000000;"># Infection<br /><br /> * Common cold<br /> * Flu<br /> * Fever - headaches are common with fever from any type of infection<br /> * Ear infection<br /> * Tooth infection (type of Dental conditions)<br /> * Sinus infection<br /> * Pneumonia<br /> * Measles<br /> * Mumps<br /> * Tonsillitis<br /> * Sinus blockage<br /> * Coughing - too much coughing can cause a form of traction headache.<br /><br /># Various possible types of headache:<br /><br /> * Migraine<br /> * Cluster headache<br /> * Tension headache<br /> * See also types of headache<br /><br /># Lifestyle causes<br /><br /> * Hangover<br /> * Excessive alcohol<br /> * Stress<br /> * Fatigue<br /> * Tension<br /> * Tiredness<br /> * Excessive smoking<br /><br /># Dyspepsia<br /># Eye conditions<br /><br /> * Glaucoma<br /> * Eyestrain<br /><br /># Medical procedures<br /><br /> * Spinal tap treatment<br /> * Epidural - this anaesthetic procedure (common for childbirth) can occasionally cause damage to the spinal area and cause headache.<br /><br /># Systemic or metabolic conditions<br /><br /> * Hypertension<br /> * Thyroid disease<br /> * Anemia<br /> * Kidney failure (type of Kidney disease)<br /> * Uremia<br /> * Lead poisoning - African Folk Remedies - Kohl - headache<br /> * Various toxins - see toxin causes of headache<br /><br /># Brain or head conditions<br /><br /> * Meningitis<br /> * Encephalitis<br /> * Head injury<br /> * Brain injury<br /> * Mild traumatic brain injury<br /> * Concussion<br /> * Temporal arteritis<br /> * Heatstroke<br /> * Sunstroke<br /> * Blood clots - in the brain, these can cause a stroke.<br /> * Brain aneurysm<br /> * Subdural hematoma<br /> * Stroke<br /> * Transient ischemic attacks<br /> * Subarachnoid hemorrhage<br /> * Brain tumor<br /> * Benign intracranial hypertension<br /> * Trigeminal neuralgia</span><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-53006630782044108162009-09-27T18:04:00.000-07:002009-09-27T18:07:27.175-07:00Giant baby 8.7 kg born in Indonesia<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidlTS297L3eZkmjgO3jte06RMIhHJHjwWLh3dtZMc6y_b3DHfx2kS6s_WmZmJyVLdrVIgVftAr0Dn7ELkwdXH03pdIfBoZmbD_8LCJ-azDDievOpHfmSA4LY_NagckC0YQvenF6pNtmPE/s1600-h/9deeaf52-201f-4c23-8f49-a0303fde9274.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 380px; height: 233px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidlTS297L3eZkmjgO3jte06RMIhHJHjwWLh3dtZMc6y_b3DHfx2kS6s_WmZmJyVLdrVIgVftAr0Dn7ELkwdXH03pdIfBoZmbD_8LCJ-azDDievOpHfmSA4LY_NagckC0YQvenF6pNtmPE/s400/9deeaf52-201f-4c23-8f49-a0303fde9274.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386318263231081298" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_qTvp-5zWA-xerPqyVOGWTK442zOExqTz69vb2DFAd4GwVIImAC1MFSSX5ANVr9thD7lPTjVtv5_CeXmbr8hPn8NhjLeOG5KMX6pbLIZwPE1l7EFaLoz4XvixFmpQD8FQhcptZgTBok/s1600-h/4e3624a1-845a-4a1c-8138-a7411efdca2b.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 299px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjW_qTvp-5zWA-xerPqyVOGWTK442zOExqTz69vb2DFAd4GwVIImAC1MFSSX5ANVr9thD7lPTjVtv5_CeXmbr8hPn8NhjLeOG5KMX6pbLIZwPE1l7EFaLoz4XvixFmpQD8FQhcptZgTBok/s400/4e3624a1-845a-4a1c-8138-a7411efdca2b.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5386318159081879426" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2009/09/25/3313288-giant-baby-draws-spectators-to-indonesian-hospital"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;">Read ......</span></span></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-52690989694076944792009-09-26T10:14:00.000-07:002009-09-26T10:25:03.883-07:00Management Of a Comatose Child : Emergency<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5E7SL3Ts6Sdw9bdFxMFNX3WPbz7lPiTVHuvhBJSrMdDoSqug-Twz8txN01eee5sJ1Zpqr1hyphenhyphen9oYM6fgEC_mIjuJ4KgsYTz13NHDW4HdvaMrg7xT0ru8PnVh6lfHRAzCqAoG3KO1w7Yxw/s1600-h/child2.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5E7SL3Ts6Sdw9bdFxMFNX3WPbz7lPiTVHuvhBJSrMdDoSqug-Twz8txN01eee5sJ1Zpqr1hyphenhyphen9oYM6fgEC_mIjuJ4KgsYTz13NHDW4HdvaMrg7xT0ru8PnVh6lfHRAzCqAoG3KO1w7Yxw/s400/child2.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5385826089428756642" /></a><br /><div> Manage .... <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color:#3366FF;"><a href="http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/paediatric-guideline/Guideline%20algorithm.pdf">Read more</a></span></b></span></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-90043052475704862692009-09-26T07:00:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:48:14.993-07:00Malaria : Epidemiology, signs and symptoms<div style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" color: rgb(204, 102, 0); text-transform: uppercase; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">FActs about Malaria</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><ol><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes.</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">A child dies of malaria every 30 seconds.</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">There were 247 million cases of malaria in 2006, causing nearly one million deaths, mostly among African children.</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">Malaria is preventable and curable.</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">Approximately half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, particularly those living in lower-income countries.</span></li><li style="text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:medium;">Travellers from malaria-free areas to disease "hot spots" are especially vulnerable to the disease.Malaria takes an economic toll - cutting economic growth rates by as much as 1.3% in countries with high disease rates.</span></li></ol></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><div><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcrwRBLyt2c9RsfkhwmLjmnYF9ls9-Pdx_4fOFMk2Zw2U2uyBX6OElCLoBdhk0Xc8pHamJ4dFeHRbkiM-yKwtmD-TA8by67geKBpUKPAiy9i8m7UVh2sV3z98Vrgk7PsbBtsgTzBlquUg/s400/Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 268px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5385779983975928002" /><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOB69rL5eDUPVgutTsenE8IDkOJ7bQ2Oy13lytLNrH2umRAtddiauTQGbbpS2MIYBfHjrm7TBqKOZn3zMy54t3p8kAf6G6CAJGhzjnudtlnqFIc13af4nmWrD4wcSr7SoLhnnGyWUsFxU/s400/Plasmodium_vivax_01.png" style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 269px;" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5385779971663726546" /></div><p face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style=" color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; ">Malaria is caused by parasites of the species Plasmodium. The parasites are spread to people through the bites of infected mosquitoes.</span></p></span><br />There are four types of human malaria:<br /><br />Plasmodium falciparum<br />Plasmodium vivax<br />Plasmodium malariae<br />Plasmodium ovale.<br />Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most common. Plasmodium falciparum is the most deadly.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Common symptoms of malaria<br />In the early stages, malaria symptoms are sometimes similar to those of many other infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Symptoms may include:<br />Fever.<br />Chills.<br />Headache.<br />Sweats.<br />Fatigue.<br />Nausea and vomiting.<br />Other common symptoms of malaria include:<br />Dry (nonproductive) cough.<br />Muscle and/or back pain.<br />Enlarged Spleen<br /><br />Complications of Malaria( Falciparum):<br />Cerebral malaria<br />Algid Malaria<br />ARDS<br />Convulsion<br />Coma<br />Acute Renal Failure<br />Hypoglycemia<br />hyperthermia<br />hyperparasitemia<br />severe anemia<br /><br /><br />Symptomatic diagnosis<br />Using Giemsa-stained blood smears from children in Malawi, one study showed that when clinical predictors (rectal temperature, nailbed pallor, and splenomegaly) were used as treatment indications, rather than using only a history of subjective fevers, a correct diagnosis increased from 21% to 41% of cases and unnecessary treatment for malaria was significantly decreased.<br /><br />Microscopic examination of blood films<br />Field tests<br />In areas where microscopy is not available, or where laboratory staff are not experienced at malaria diagnosis, there are antigen detection tests that require only a drop of blood. Immunochromatographic tests (also called: Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Antigen-Capture Assay or "Dipsticks") have been developed, distributed and fieldtested. These tests use finger-stick or venous blood, the completed test takes a total of 15–20 minutes, and a laboratory is not needed. The threshold of detection by these rapid diagnostic tests is in the range of 100 parasites/µl of blood compared to 5 by thick film microscopy. The first rapid diagnostic tests were using P. falciparum glutamate dehydrogenase as antigen.[42] PGluDH was soon replaced by P.falciparum lactate dehydrogenase, a 33 kDa oxidoreductase [EC 1.1.1.27]. It is the last enzyme of the glycolytic pathway, essential for ATP generation and one of the most abundant enzymes expressed by P.falciparum. PLDH does not persist in the blood but clears about the same time as the parasites following successful treatment. The lack of antigen persistence after treatment makes the pLDH test useful in predicting treatment failure. In this respect, pLDH is similar to pGluDH. The OptiMAL-IT assay can distinguish between P. falciparum and P. vivax because of antigenic differences between their pLDH isoenzymes. OptiMAL-IT will reliably detect falciparum down to 0.01% parasitemia and non-falciparum down to 0.1%. Paracheck-Pf will detect parasitemias down to 0.002% but will not distinguish between falciparum and non-falciparum malaria. Parasite nucleic acids are detected using polymerase chain reaction. This technique is more accurate than microscopy. However, it is expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory. Moreover, levels of parasitemia are not necessarily correlative with the progression of disease, particularly when the parasite is able to adhere to blood vessel walls. Therefore more sensitive, low-tech diagnosis tools need to be developed in order to detect low levels of parasitaemia in the field. Areas that cannot afford even simple laboratory diagnostic tests often use only a history of subjective fever as the indication to treat for malaria. Using Giemsa-stained blood smears from children in Malawi, one study showed that unnecessary treatment for malaria was significantly decreased when clinical predictors (rectal temperature, nailbed pallor, and splenomegaly) were used as treatment indications, rather than the current national policy of using only a history of subjective fevers (sensitivity increased from 21% to 41%).<br /><br /><br />Molecular methods<br />Molecular methods are available in some clinical laboratories and rapid real-time assays (for example, QT-NASBA based on the polymerase chain reaction) are being developed with the hope of being able to deploy them in endemic areas.<br /><br />Rapid antigen tests<br />OptiMAL-IT will reliably detect falciparum down to 0.01% parasitemia and non-falciparum down to 0.1%. Paracheck-Pf will detect parasitemias down to 0.002% but will not distinguish between falciparum and non-falciparum malaria. Parasite nucleic acids are detected using polymerase chain reaction. This technique is more accurate than microscopy. However, it is expensive, and requires a specialized laboratory. Moreover, levels of parasitemia are not necessarily correlative with the progression of disease, particularly when the parasite is able to adhere to blood vessel walls. Therefore more sensitive, low-tech diagnosis tools need to be developed in order to detect low levels of parasitaemia in the field.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-79978460977852052332009-09-26T06:59:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:48:57.528-07:00Tropical diseases in Asia<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><b>Malaria<br />Cholera<br />Dysentery<br />Intestinal Worms<br />Dengue Fever<br />Yellow Fever<br />Schistosomiasis<br />Leprosy<br />Filariasis<br />Trypanosomiasis<br />Hepatitis<br />Chlamydia Trachomatis</b></span></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-18822733992959364602009-09-20T10:10:00.000-07:002009-09-20T10:27:38.103-07:00Pneumonia : xRay Consolidation<b><div>Picture a:??? Anyone can explain-post comment</div>Picture b: Right lower zone Consolidation</b><div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PLUMlLNhyphenhyphen6-STxCP4jkiku2u3IFiMB6GNj7mvh972jY-eJsYHMiH3BQHYhJuZHn3m3F5l2DgZvzoSfk50NCR9oqgvJMkzZ7l7boRv1rhYCTnfSNA0O7i5pyGiFW8JscBlYBXAuVPUHA/s1600-h/358px-Pneumonia_x-ray+(1).jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 239px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PLUMlLNhyphenhyphen6-STxCP4jkiku2u3IFiMB6GNj7mvh972jY-eJsYHMiH3BQHYhJuZHn3m3F5l2DgZvzoSfk50NCR9oqgvJMkzZ7l7boRv1rhYCTnfSNA0O7i5pyGiFW8JscBlYBXAuVPUHA/s400/358px-Pneumonia_x-ray+(1).jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5383598424332944402" /></a></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-38562069828174072832009-09-20T09:59:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:49:42.603-07:00Classification: Pneumonia<span class="Apple-style-span" style=" line-height: 19px; font-family:sans-serif;font-size:13px;"><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; line-height: normal; font-size: 16px; ">Early classification schemes</span></p></span><br /><br />Initial descriptions of pneumonia focused on the anatomic or pathologic appearance of the lung, either by direct inspection at autopsy or by its appearance under a microscope.<br /><br />A lobar pneumonia is an infection that only involves a single lobe, or section, of a lung. Lobar pneumonia is often due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (though Klebsiella pneumoniae is also possible.)<br />Multilobar pneumonia involves more than one lobe, and it often causes a more severe illness.<br />Bronchial pneumonia affects the lungs in patches around the tubes (bronchi or bronchioles).<br />Interstitial pneumonia involves the areas in between the alveoli, and it may be called "interstitial pneumonitis." It is more likely to be caused by viruses or by atypical bacteria.<br /><br />The discovery of x-rays made it possible to determine the anatomic type of pneumonia without direct examination of the lungs at autopsy and led to the development of a radiological classification. Early investigators distinguished between typical lobar pneumonia and atypical (e.g. Chlamydophila) or viral pneumonia using the location, distribution, and appearance of the opacities they saw on chest x-rays. Certain x-ray findings can be used to help predict the course of illness, although it is not possible to clearly determine the microbiologic cause of a pneumonia with x-rays alone.<br /><br />With the advent of modern microbiology, classification based upon the causative microorganism became possible. Determining which microorganism is causing an individual's pneumonia is an important step in deciding treatment type and length. Sputum cultures, blood cultures, tests on respiratory secretions, and specific blood tests are used to determine the microbiologic classification. Because such laboratory testing typically takes several days, microbiologic classification is usually not possible at the time of initial diagnosis.<br /><br />Combined clinical classification<br />Traditionally, clinicians have classified pneumonia by clinical characteristics, dividing them into "acute" (less than three weeks duration) and "chronic" pneumonias. This is useful because chronic pneumonias tend to be either non-infectious, or mycobacterial, fungal, or mixed bacterial infections caused by airway obstruction. Acute pneumonias are further divided into the classic bacterial bronchopneumonias (such asStreptococcus pneumoniae), the atypical pneumonias (such as the interstitial pneumonitis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Chlamydia pneumoniae), and the aspiration pneumonia syndromes.<br /><br />Chronic pneumonias, on the other hand, mainly include those of Nocardia, Actinomyces and Blastomyces dermatitidis, as well as the granulomatous pneumonias (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria, Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidioides immitis).<br /><br />The combined clinical classification, now the most commonly used classification scheme, attempts to identify a person's risk factors when he or she first comes to medical attention. The advantage of this classification scheme over previous systems is that it can help guide the selection of appropriate initial treatments even before the microbiologic cause of the pneumonia is known. There are two broad categories of pneumonia in this scheme: community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. A recently introduced type of healthcare-associated pneumonia (in patients living outside the hospital who have recently been in close contact with the health care system) lies between these two categories.<br /><br />Community-acquired pneumonia<br />Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is infectious pneumonia in a person who has not recently been hospitalized. CAP is the most common type of pneumonia. The most common causes of CAP vary depending on a person's age, but they include Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses, the atypical bacteria, and Haemophilus influenzae. Overall, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide. Gram-negative bacteria cause CAP in certain at-risk populations. CAP is the fourth most common cause of death in the United Kingdom and the sixth in the United States. The term "walking pneumonia" has been used to describe a type of community-acquired pneumonia of less severity (because of the fact that the sufferer can continue to "walk" rather than require hospitalization). Walking pneumonia is usually caused by the atypical bacteria mycoplasma pneumonia.<br /><br />Hospital-acquired pneumonia<br />Hospital-acquired pneumonia, also called nosocomial pneumonia, is pneumonia acquired during or after hospitalization for another illness or procedure with onset at least 72 hrs after admission. The causes, microbiology, treatment and prognosis are different from those of community-acquired pneumonia. Up to 5% of patients admitted to a hospital for other causes subsequently develop pneumonia. Hospitalized patients may have many risk factors for pneumonia, including mechanical ventilation, prolonged malnutrition, underlying heart and lung diseases, decreased amounts of stomach acid, and immune disturbances. Additionally, the microorganisms a person is exposed to in a hospital are often different from those at home . Hospital-acquired microorganisms may include resistant bacteria such as MRSA, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, andSerratia. Because individuals with hospital-acquired pneumonia usually have underlying illnesses and are exposed to more dangerous bacteria, it tends to be more deadly than community-acquired pneumonia.Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a subset of hospital-acquired pneumonia. VAP is pneumonia which occurs after at least 48 hours of intubation and mechanical ventilation.<br /><br />Other types of pneumonia<br />Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)<br />SARS is a highly contagious and deadly type of pneumonia which first occurred in 2002 after initial outbreaks in China. SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, a previously unknown pathogen.<br />Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP)<br />BOOP is caused by inflammation of the small airways of the lungs. It is also known as cryptogenic organizing pneumonitis (COP).<br />Eosinophilic pneumonia<br />Eosinophilic pneumonia is invasion of the lung by eosinophils, a particular kind of white blood cell. Eosinophilic pneumonia often occurs in response to infection with a parasite or after exposure to certain types of environmental factors.<br />Chemical pneumonia<br />Chemical pneumonia (usually called chemical pneumonitis) is caused by chemical toxicants such as pesticides, which may enter the body by inhalation or by skin contact. When the toxic substance is an oil, the pneumonia may be called lipoid pneumonia.<br />Aspiration pneumonia<br />Aspiration pneumonia (or aspiration pneumonitis) is caused by aspirating foreign objects which are usually oral or gastric contents, either while eating, or after reflux or vomiting which results inbronchopneumonia. The resulting lung inflammation is not an infection but can contribute to one, since the material aspirated may contain anaerobic bacteria or other unusual causes of pneumonia. Aspiration is a leading cause of death among hospital and nursing home patients, since they often cannot adequately protect their airways and may have otherwise impaired defenses.<br /><br />Dust pneumonia<br />Dust pneumonia describes disorders caused by excessive exposure to dust storms, particularly during the Dust Bowl in the United States. With dust pneumonia, dust settles all the way into the alveoli of the lungs, stopping the cilia from moving and preventing the lungs from ever clearing themselves.<br /><br />Necrotizing pneumonia, although overlapping with many other classifications, includes pneumonias that cause substantial necrosis of lung cells, and sometimes even lung abscess. Implicated bacteria are extremely commonly anaerobic bacteria, with or without additional facultatively anaerobic ones like Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Type 3 pneumococcus is uncommonly implicated.<br /><br />Opportunistic pneumonia includes those that frequently strike immunocompromised victims. Main pathogens are cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, invasiveaspergillosis, invasive candidiasis, as well as the "usual bacteria" that strike immunocompetent people as well.<div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-91599025589151975002009-09-20T09:51:00.000-07:002010-09-04T01:50:22.458-07:00USMLE case: surgery or medicine<div class="questiontext12">A 13-year-old boy has a 3-day history of low-grade fever, upper respiratory symptoms, and a sore throat. A few hours before his presentation to the emergency room, he has an abrupt onset of high fever, difficulty swallowing, and poor handling of his secretions. He indicates that he has a marked worsening in the severity of his sore throat. His pharynx has a fluctuant bulge in the posterior wall. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial therapy for this patient?</div><div class="questiontext12" style="text-align: auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:16px;"><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">A.Narcotic analgesics</span></div><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">B.Trial of oral penicillin V</span></div><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">C.Surgical consultation for incision and drainage under general anesthesia</span></div><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">D.Rapid streptococcal screen</span></div><div class="answertext12"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">E.Monospot test</span></div></span></span></span></div> <p style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" white-space: pre;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Reply post comment</span></span></span></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4710259812066417239.post-49436317689932089462009-09-17T01:06:00.000-07:002009-09-17T01:14:35.366-07:00Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis (SHAPU) In Nepal<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkTahGU1HOyQi2RjtP7d7qXhKGEG3E-w8JytiWAzqStE7c_KECKtw4RuoK7PFFsJDWTgIEYI0a_A7jV44mscXVmKud-8SoUAy7hxF2eiO8lTIQwlLqqUZyGpALIp0O6G4boObNNW90K44/s1600-h/SHAPU.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 355px; height: 355px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkTahGU1HOyQi2RjtP7d7qXhKGEG3E-w8JytiWAzqStE7c_KECKtw4RuoK7PFFsJDWTgIEYI0a_A7jV44mscXVmKud-8SoUAy7hxF2eiO8lTIQwlLqqUZyGpALIp0O6G4boObNNW90K44/s400/SHAPU.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5382346326946027394" border="0" /></a><br />Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis (SHAPU), characterized by an unusual form of unilateral severe hyper acute diffused intraocular inflammation, is one of the mysterious eye diseases of which the definite cause and treatment remains yet to be tound out. In this study, a total of six cases were included. Aqueous and vitreous samples were subjected to direct microscopy and culture (bacterial or fungal). Of the six cases included, two yielded Streptococcus pneumoniae and one Acinetobactor sp. on culture. All three culture positive samples showed pus cells in direct microscopic examination (gram stain). All cases were subjected to vitrectomy and intravitreal antibiotic and steroid injection, along with oral antibiotics and steroid. Five cases were also treated with antiviral agent. After treatment four cases showed reversal of hypotony and three cases recovered some vision.<br /><br />Moths have been reported to increase the prevalence of this disease. Complications can be as devastating as blindness.<br /><br />Read NMJ journal Article..<a href="http://www.nmcth.edu/nmcj_articles_pdf/volume_wise/nmcj_vol10_no3_sept2008/a_manandhar.pdf">.Read</a><div class="blogger-post-footer">Feed web</div>Authorhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02709832122881234643noreply@blogger.com1