- Adenovirus
- Afican Swine Fever Virus
- Animal Viruses
- Arbovirus
- Arenavirus
- Arterivirus
- Astrovirus
- Bacteriophage
- Baculovirus
- Bunyavirus
- Calicivirus
- Caulimovirus
- Coronavirus
- Filovirus
- Flavivirus
- Hepadnavirus
- Herpesvirus
- Myovirus
- Nodavirus
- Orthomyxovirus
- Paramyxovirus
- Papovavirus
- Parvovirus
- Phycodnavirus
- Picornavirus
- Poxvirus
- Reovirus
- Retrovirus
- Rhabdovirus
- Togavirus
- Viroids
Specific Virus Families causing disease in animals and plants
Swine Flu : Who Are at Risk
Which groups are at greatest risk?
Some people are more at risk than others of serious illness if they catch swine flu. They will need to start taking antivirals as soon as they are confirmed with the illness. On occasion, doctors may advise some high risk patients to take antivirals before they have symptoms if someone close to them has swine flu.
The risk profile of the virus is still being studied but it is already known that certain groups of people are particularly vulnerable. These include:
- Patients who have had drug treatment for asthma in the past three years
- Pregnant women
- People aged 65 years and older
- Children under five years old
- People with chronic lung disease
- People with chronic heart disease
- People with chronic kidney disease
- People with chronic liver disease
- People with chronic neurological disease
- People with immunosuppression (whether caused by disease or treatment)
- People with diabetes mellitus
Why are healthy people over 65 and children not a priority for the swine flu vaccine?
Healthy people aged over 65 appear to have some natural immunity to the swine flu virus. And while children are disproportionately affected by swine flu, the vast majority make a full recovery - therefore the experts do not advise that children (other than those in at-risk groups) should be vaccinated initially.
Aishwarya Rai Syndrome and Hrithic Roshan Syndrome
Taken from New O.P. Ghai, 6th edition, page number 70,
It is a syndrome, given in O.P.Ghai,( possibility, may be ask the question in some entrances, at least in state PG)
" Issues regarding body weight,general attractiveness, breast size,complexion, and acne are some of the main body image concerns for adolescent girls."
It actually comes under Body Image Syndromes.
Similarly
Hrithic roshan Syndrome for Boys
Diagnostic Criteria For Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, ACR
The American College of Rheumatology established eleven criteria in 1982, which were revised in 1997 as a classificatory instrument to operationalise the definition of SLE in clinical trials. They were not intended to be used to diagnose individuals and do not do well in that capacity. For the purpose of identifying patients for clinical studies, a person has SLE if any 4 out of 11 symptoms are present simultaneously or serially on two separate occasions.
1. Serositis: Pleuritis (inflammation of the membrane around the lungs) or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart); sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 86% (pleural is more sensitive; cardiac is more specific).
2. Oral ulcers (includes oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers).
3. Arthritis: nonerosive arthritis of two or more peripheral joints, with tenderness, swelling, or effusion; sensitivity = 86%; specificity = 37%.
4. Photosensitivity (exposure to ultraviolet light causes skin rash, or other symptoms of SLE flareups); sensitivity = 43%; specificity = 96%.
5. Blood—hematologic disorder—hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count) or leukopenia (white blood cell count<4000/µl), class="mw-redirect">lymphopenia (<1500/µl) sensitivity =" 59%;" specificity ="">
6. Renal disorder: More than 0.5g per day protein in urine or cellular casts seen in urine under a microscope; sensitivity = 51%; specificity = 94%.
7. Antinuclear antibody test positive; sensitivity = 99%; specificity = 49%.
8. Immunologic disorder: Positive anti-Smith, anti-ds DNA, antiphospholipid antibody, and/or false positive serological test for syphilis; sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 93%. Presence of anti-ss DNA in 70% of cases (though also positive with rheumatic disease and healthy persons)
9. Neurologic disorder: Seizures or psychosis; sensitivity = 20%; specificity = 98%.
10. Malar rash (rash on cheeks); sensitivity = 57%; specificity = 96%.
11. Discoid rash (red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring); sensitivity = 18%; specificity = 99%.
The mnemonic to remember the 11 symptoms is 'SOAP BRAIN MD'.
Some people, especially those with antiphospholipid syndrome, may have SLE without four criteria, and also SLE may present with features other than those listed in the criteria.
1. Serositis: Pleuritis (inflammation of the membrane around the lungs) or pericarditis (inflammation of the membrane around the heart); sensitivity = 56%; specificity = 86% (pleural is more sensitive; cardiac is more specific).
2. Oral ulcers (includes oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers).
3. Arthritis: nonerosive arthritis of two or more peripheral joints, with tenderness, swelling, or effusion; sensitivity = 86%; specificity = 37%.
4. Photosensitivity (exposure to ultraviolet light causes skin rash, or other symptoms of SLE flareups); sensitivity = 43%; specificity = 96%.
5. Blood—hematologic disorder—hemolytic anemia (low red blood cell count) or leukopenia (white blood cell count<4000/µl), class="mw-redirect">lymphopenia (<1500/µl) sensitivity =" 59%;" specificity ="">
6. Renal disorder: More than 0.5g per day protein in urine or cellular casts seen in urine under a microscope; sensitivity = 51%; specificity = 94%.
7. Antinuclear antibody test positive; sensitivity = 99%; specificity = 49%.
8. Immunologic disorder: Positive anti-Smith, anti-ds DNA, antiphospholipid antibody, and/or false positive serological test for syphilis; sensitivity = 85%; specificity = 93%. Presence of anti-ss DNA in 70% of cases (though also positive with rheumatic disease and healthy persons)
9. Neurologic disorder: Seizures or psychosis; sensitivity = 20%; specificity = 98%.
10. Malar rash (rash on cheeks); sensitivity = 57%; specificity = 96%.
11. Discoid rash (red, scaly patches on skin that cause scarring); sensitivity = 18%; specificity = 99%.
The mnemonic to remember the 11 symptoms is 'SOAP BRAIN MD'.
Some people, especially those with antiphospholipid syndrome, may have SLE without four criteria, and also SLE may present with features other than those listed in the criteria.
Bed Bug Bites
Disease transmission
Bedbugs seem to possess all of the necessary prerequisites for being capable of passing diseases from one host to another, but there have been no known cases of bed bugs passing disease from host to host. There are at least twenty-seven known pathogens (some estimates are as high as forty-one) that are capable of living inside a bed bug or on its mouthparts. Extensive testing has been done in laboratory settings that also conclude that bed bugs are unlikely to pass disease from one person to another. Therefore bedbugs are less dangerous than some more common insects such as the flea. However, transmission of Chagas disease or hepatitis B might be possible in appropriate settings.
The salivary fluid injected by bed bugs typically causes the skin to become irritated and inflamed, although individuals can differ in their sensitivity. Anaphylactoid reactions produced by the injection of serum and other nonspecific proteins are observed and there is the possibility that the saliva of the bedbugs may cause anaphylactic shock in a small percentage of people. It is also possible that sustained feeding by bedbugs may lead to anemia. It is also important to watch for and treat any secondary bacterial infection.
Bedbugs seem to possess all of the necessary prerequisites for being capable of passing diseases from one host to another, but there have been no known cases of bed bugs passing disease from host to host. There are at least twenty-seven known pathogens (some estimates are as high as forty-one) that are capable of living inside a bed bug or on its mouthparts. Extensive testing has been done in laboratory settings that also conclude that bed bugs are unlikely to pass disease from one person to another. Therefore bedbugs are less dangerous than some more common insects such as the flea. However, transmission of Chagas disease or hepatitis B might be possible in appropriate settings.
The salivary fluid injected by bed bugs typically causes the skin to become irritated and inflamed, although individuals can differ in their sensitivity. Anaphylactoid reactions produced by the injection of serum and other nonspecific proteins are observed and there is the possibility that the saliva of the bedbugs may cause anaphylactic shock in a small percentage of people. It is also possible that sustained feeding by bedbugs may lead to anemia. It is also important to watch for and treat any secondary bacterial infection.
Top 10 Epidemics of All time
Plague
Smallpox| Measles |  | Number 10 |
| Polio | | Number 9 |
| Yellow Fever | | Number 8 |
| AIDS | | Number 7 |
| Malaria | | Number 6 |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | | Number 5 |
| Cholera | | Number 4 |
| Plague (bubonic and Pneumonic) | | Number 3 |
| Smallpox | | Number 2 |
| Influenza or “flu” | | Number 1 |
Choked Adult - How can you save him.
In a Party, An adult has something stuck to his throat, turns blue and is suffocating.
Watching this video can train you to manage and save such cases
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Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert Eaton
Myasthenia gravi
s
Ptosis of the left eye. Tensilon test
Imaging
sMyasthenia gravis (literally "serious muscle-weakness") is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatiguability. It is an autoimmune disorder, in which weakness is caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Myasthenia is treated medically with cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, and, in selected cases, thymectomy. At 200–400 cases per million it is one of the less common autoimmune disorders.
Signs and symptoms
Ptosis of the left eye.
The hallmark of myasthenia gravis is fatiguability. Muscles become progressively weaker during periods of activity and improve after periods of rest. Muscles that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are especially susceptible. The muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements can also be affected. Often the physical examination is within normal limits.[3]
The onset of the disorder can be sudden. Often symptoms are intermittent. The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis may be delayed if the symptoms are subtle or variable.
In most cases, the first noticeable symptom is weakness of the eye muscles. In others, difficulty in swallowing and slurred speech may be the first signs. The degree of muscle weakness involved in MG varies greatly among patients, ranging from a localized form, limited to eye muscles (ocular myasthenia), to a severe or generalized form in which many muscles - sometimes including those that control breathing - are affected. Symptoms, which vary in type and severity, may include asymmetrical ptosis (a drooping of one or both eyelids), diplopia (double vision) due to weakness of the muscles that control eye movements, unstable or waddling gait, weakness in arms, hands, fingers, legs, and neck, a change in facial expression, dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), shortness of breath and dysarthria (impaired speech, often nasal due to weakness of the velar muscles).
In myasthenic crisis a paralysis of the respiratory muscles occurs, necessitating assisted ventilation to sustain life. In patients whose respiratory muscles are already weak, crises may be triggered by infection, fever, an adverse reaction to medication, or emotional stress.[4] Since the heart muscle is stimulated differently, it is never affected by MG.
DiagnosisMyasthenia can be a difficult diagnosis, as the symptoms can be subtle and hard to distinguish from both normal variants and other neurological disorders. A thorough physical examination can reveal easy fatiguability, with the weakness improving after rest and worsening again on repeat of the exertion testing. Applying ice to weak muscle groups characteristically leads to improvement in strength of those muscles. Additional tests are often performed, as mentioned below. Furthermore, a good response to medication can also be considered a sign of autoimmune pathology.
Physical examination
Muscle fatigability can be tested for many muscles.A thorough investigation includes:
- looking upward and sidewards for 30 seconds: ptosis and diplopia.
- looking at the feet while lying on the back for 60 seconds
- keeping the arms stretched forward for 60 seconds
- 10 deep knee bends
- walking 30 steps on both the toes and the heels
- 5 situps, lying down and sitting up completely
- "Peek sign": after complete initial apposition of the lid margins, they quickly (within 30 seconds) start to separate and the sclera starts to show
Blood tests
If the diagnosis is suspected, serology can be performed in a blood test to identify certain antibodies:
- One test is for antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor. The test has a reasonable sensitivity of 80–96%, but in MG limited to the eye muscles (ocular myasthenia) the test may be negative in up to 50% of the cases.
- A proportion of the patients without antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor have antibodies against the MuSK protein.
- In specific situations (decreased reflexes which increase on facilitation, co-existing autonomic features, suspected presence of neoplasm, especially of the lung, presence of increment or facilitation on repetitive EMG testing) testing is performed for Lambert-Eaton syndrome, in which other antibodies (against a voltage-gated calcium channel) can be found.
Edrophonium test
Tensilon test
Imaging
A chest CT-scan showing a thymoma (red circle).
A chest X-ray is frequently performed; it may point towards alternative diagnoses (e.g. Lambert-Eaton due to a lung tumor) and comorbidity. It may also identify widening of the mediastinum suggestive of thymoma, but computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are more sensitive ways to identify thymomas, and are generally done for this reason.
Pulmonary function test
Restrictive pattern on spirometry
Associations
Myasthenia Gravis is associated with various autoimmune diseases, including:
- Thyroid diseases, including Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease
- Diabetes mellitus type 1
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Lupus, and
- Demyelinating CNS diseases
Computer Eye Strain: Tips to relieve
Computer Eye Strain: 10 Steps for Relief
1. Get a computer eye exam.
2. Use proper lighting.
3. Minimize glare.4. Upgrade your display.
5. Adjust the brightness and contrast of your computer screen
7. Exercise your eyes.
8. Take frequent breaks.
9. Modify your workstation.
10. Consider computer eyewear.
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