PRASAB PIDA: The Real Pain

Copyright: Splochan
Derieved from the Book:
"Operation theatre ra aru kabita"

Skin Diseases: Basic Knowledge

Primary Lesion - A primary lesion is directly associated with the disease process and is described with established dermatological terminology. Identifying the primary lesion(s), whenever possible, is the first step towards identification of the disease or cutaneous process. Primary lesions include the macule, papule, patch, plaque, vesicle, bulla, nodule, tumor, wheal, and pustule. Secondary lesions are a modification of primary lesions.

Macule - A circumscribed flat area less than 1 cm of discoloration without elevation or depression of surface relative to surrounding skin.

Papule - A circumscribed, elevated, solid lesion, less than 1 cm.


Patch - A circumscribed area of discoloration, greater than 1 cm, which is neither elevated or depressed relative to the surrounding skin.

Plaque - A well-circumscribed, elevated, superficial, solid lesion, greater than 1 cm in diameter.

Vesicle - A small, superficial, circumscribed elevation of the skin, less than 0.5 cm, that contains serous fluid.

Bulla (pl. Bullae) - A raised, circumscribed lesion greater than 0.5 cm that contains serous fluid.


Nodule - A palpable, solid lesion, less than 1 cm in diameter. These are usually found in the dermal or subcutaneous tissue, and the lesion may be above, level with, or below the skin surface.

Tumor - Solid, firm lesions >1 cm that can be above, level with, or beneath the skin surface. Also known as a mass.

Wheal - Transient, circumscribed, elevated papules or plaques, often with erythematous borders and pale centers.


Pustule - A small (<>

Cataract: A waterfall that curtains your sight

What is a cataract?
When cataracts are mentioned, people often think of a film that grows on their eyes causing them to see double or blurred images. However, a cataract does not form on the eye, but rather within the eye.
Eye without a cataract
Eye with a cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images. The lens is contained in a sealed bag or capsule. As old cells die they become trapped within the capsule. Over time, the cells accumulate causing the lens to cloud, making images look blurred or fuzzy. For most people, cataracts are a natural result of aging.
In fact, they are the leading cause of visual loss among adults 55 and older. Eye injuries, certain medications, and diseases such as diabetes and alcoholism have also been known to cause cataracts.

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